the introduction of socrates

苏格拉底是生活于公元前469至前399年的古希腊著名哲学家，靠教授学生知识和道德为生。他激烈反对唯物论哲学家研究客观世界发现其规律的做法，说这样做不能认识真理。认为事物所以这样是神有目的地安排，人只有从自己心里认识神才能认识真理。他不承认一般是从特殊中抽象而来，而把一般看成是先于而且高于特殊的东西。柏拉图继承苏格拉底的观点，从其寻求“一般”的方法出发，认为不但许多特殊之外有一般存在，而且对于任何一类特殊的东西来说也都有它的“一般”，他把这个一般叫做“理念”。据此他认为存在着两个世界：一个是理念的即永恒不变的真实世界，一个是我们所处的现实的变化无常的不真实世界，理念世界高于并且先于现实世界。这样，普遍的概念就变成了客观独立存在的“理念”，具体事物就成了不真实的理念的摹本和影子。

Socrates
(469-399 B.C.E.)

In his use of critical reasoning, by his unwavering commitment to truth, and through the vivid example of his own life, fifth-century Athenian Socrates set the standard for all subsequent Western philosophy. Since he left no literary legacy of his own, we are dependent upon contemporary writers like Aristophanes and Xenophon for our information about his life and work. As a pupil of Archelaus during his youth, Socrates showed a great deal of interest in the scientific theories of Anaxagoras, but he later abandoned inquiries into the physical world for a dedicated investigation of the development o