英语大神进，学过linguistics的最好

standard language:A term for the form of a language used, for example, in general publishing, the news media, education, government, such professions as law and medicine, and by especially the middle classes

formal language: 1.a language that is formal and ceremonial.
2.A language designed for use in situations in which natural language is considered unsuitable, such as logic, mathematics, and computer

colloquial language :A semi-technical term for the vernacular form of a language or, sometimes mildly pejorative, for informal, everyday speech, including slang

slang:An everchanging set of colloquial words and phrases generally considered distinct from and socially lower than the standard language. Slang is used to establish or reinforce social identity and cohesiveness, especially within a group or with a trend or fashion in society at large. It occurs in all languages, and the existence of a short-lived vocabulary of this sort within a language