About 400 years ago,Galileo proved that the earth__(go)around the sun.

goes
客观真理的动词形式即使在过去也是用一般式，因为这个动作是一个客观的持续，过去或者现在或者将来都不会改变。所以用的是现在式
例句：During his stay in that island last year, he shouted. No one would answered him and the sun still goes up and down. 在去年他在小岛的日子里，无论他怎么大喊，没人回答。太阳依旧日出日落。