He would like a large bowl of noodles.为什么bowl要加of?

a bowl of 是固定短语，表示一碗～，就跟a pare of等一样

一碗。。。a bowl of 固定搭配
一大碗面 a large bowl of noodles

your question is a piece of cake.

固定的，记住就可以了，就像 a bowl of rice一碗大米饭；a bowl of soup 一碗汤。