UC知道翻译外文资料
来源：百度知道 编辑：UC知道 时间：2024/06/21 22:11:17
The Evolution Of Corruption From Ming To Qing
Our model suggests that the official’s corruption income increased as population and cultivated land increased.20 In this section, we calculate the ratio of corrupt income to salary throughout the Ming and Qing using population and land estimates from past researchers and salary levels inferred from the historical record.
Table 1 shows that population increased almost five-fold from 1400 to 1913 while land increased over three-fold over the same period. As noted in section 2, salaries were reduced to very meager levels at the start of Ming rule and continued to fall in real terms throughout the Ming. Salaries, by the mid-1400’s, were half the value at the end of the 1300’s, and were stagnant through the early Qing. In 1727, salaries were raised over three-fold in an effort to curb corruption.
Wages were also stagnant throughout this period. We take these values to beconstant at the level in 1873. As was done in the previous s
Our model suggests that the official’s corruption income increased as population and cultivated land increased.20 In this section, we calculate the ratio of corrupt income to salary throughout the Ming and Qing using population and land estimates from past researchers and salary levels inferred from the historical record.
Table 1 shows that population increased almost five-fold from 1400 to 1913 while land increased over three-fold over the same period. As noted in section 2, salaries were reduced to very meager levels at the start of Ming rule and continued to fall in real terms throughout the Ming. Salaries, by the mid-1400’s, were half the value at the end of the 1300’s, and were stagnant through the early Qing. In 1727, salaries were raised over three-fold in an effort to curb corruption.
Wages were also stagnant throughout this period. We take these values to beconstant at the level in 1873. As was done in the previous s
演化的腐败明至清
我们的模型表明，官员的腐败收入增加的人口和耕地increased.20在本节中，我们计算出的比例腐败工资收入在整个明清时期的人口和土地使用从过去的估计和薪金水平的研究人员推断的历史记录。
表1显示，人口几乎增加了五倍， 1400年至13年，而土地增加了3倍，在同一时期。正如第2款，工资减少到非常微弱的水平开始时明规则和持续下跌的实质整个明。薪金，由中旬- 1400的，有一半的价值结束时的1300年的，并处于停滞状态，通过清初。在1727年，工资引起了3倍，努力遏制腐败。
工资也停滞不前，整个这一时期。我们采取这些价值观beconstant在1873年的水平。这样做在前面的部分，我们采取的一系列价值观的土地税征缴率在文献中发现。从这一点出发，我们计算出高，低价值的比率B / S模式在不同时期（报告中的最后一栏表1 ）得到一个想法的演变腐败明清时期。范围的B / S结构是由各种估计数的土地和人口在不同年份以及尽可能多的开发，土地税收收入的一小部分粮食产量。