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来源:百度知道 编辑:UC知道 时间:2024/05/09 19:33:22
In 2005, a New York intermediate appeals court tackled a case involving proof of the culpable mental states required in two environmental criminal statutes. The court affirmed the conviction of defendant operators of a vehicle-dismantling junkyard for the discharge of industrial waste into New York State waters without a permit. The case turned on whether the prosecutor must prove that the defendants had the requisite intent with respect to every element of the crime. The appellate court held that the term "knowingly" applied to "each and every" element of the environmental criminal statutes at issue and thus the crime was a specific intent, not general intent, crime. But the court held the People had met that burden, reasoning that the defendants knew that the industrial fluids would eventually reach state waters. The court stated that while knowledge must be established for every element of the offense, the prosecutor need not prove that defendants knew the conduc

2005年,纽约中级上诉法院处理案件证明有罪心理状态需要在两个环境的刑事法规。法院确认被告定罪经营的车辆,拆除垃圾的排放的工业废水到美国纽约州水域没有许可证。打开的情况下是否检察官必须证明被告具有必要的意图对每个元素的犯罪。上诉法院认为, “明知”适用于“每一个人”的因素对环境的刑事法规的问题,因此,犯罪是一个特定的意图,而不是一般的意图,犯罪。但法院的人民举行会见了这种负担,理由是被告知道该工业流体最终将达到国水域。法院指出,虽然知识必须建立每个元素的进攻,检察官不需要证明被告知道该行为是非法的。