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3 The Effects of Pollution on the Forest Ecosystem
3.1 Vegetation
The Scots pine forest stand close to the smelter has clearly suffered from pollution. The tree growth has been extremely poor (Malkonen et al. 1999) and the understorey vegetation have drastically changed (Salemaa et al. 2001). The total coverage and the number of species has decreased towards the smelter and vegetation was almost absent up
to a distance of 0.5 km from the smelter (Salemaa et al. 2001) (Table 3). On the most polluted sites,Empetrum nigrum, Arctosthaphylus uva-ursi, and Vaccinium uliginosum, clonal dwarf shrubs, have survived in small patches. Vigorous regrowth and phenotypic plasticity have improved the survival of A. uva-ursi and V. uliginosum (Salemaa et al.
1999). E. nigrum possesses an internal heavy metal tolerance (Monni et al. 2000a). However, decreased chlorophyll and organic acid, and an
increased abscisic acid concentration in stems and leaves indicated a reduction in t
3.1 Vegetation
The Scots pine forest stand close to the smelter has clearly suffered from pollution. The tree growth has been extremely poor (Malkonen et al. 1999) and the understorey vegetation have drastically changed (Salemaa et al. 2001). The total coverage and the number of species has decreased towards the smelter and vegetation was almost absent up
to a distance of 0.5 km from the smelter (Salemaa et al. 2001) (Table 3). On the most polluted sites,Empetrum nigrum, Arctosthaphylus uva-ursi, and Vaccinium uliginosum, clonal dwarf shrubs, have survived in small patches. Vigorous regrowth and phenotypic plasticity have improved the survival of A. uva-ursi and V. uliginosum (Salemaa et al.
1999). E. nigrum possesses an internal heavy metal tolerance (Monni et al. 2000a). However, decreased chlorophyll and organic acid, and an
increased abscisic acid concentration in stems and leaves indicated a reduction in t
3污染的影响3.1森林生态植被苏格兰人松林立场接近的熔炉 显然受到污染. 树生长十分悬殊(malkonen等. 1999)和林下植被产生了巨大变化(salemaa内皮 铝. 2001). 总复盖人数已减少对冶炼厂物种和植被几乎缺席多达 距离0.5公里,从冶炼(salemaa等. 2001)(见表3). 在污染最严重的地点,Empetrum葵、arctosthaphylus长波-熊胆、斯越橘、无性矮灌木、走过小片. 活力再生和改善生存型可塑性甲长波-熊胆、诉斯(salemaa等. 1999). E葵拥有一个内部重金属宽容(monni等. 2000年). 然而,有机酸和叶绿素下降, 脱落酸浓度增加,茎叶表示生理活性降低E葵 近冶炼厂(monni等. 2000年). 耐受机制可能包括E葵积累重金属老组织 金属运输限制的绿叶(Uhlig等. 2001),在某些细胞本地化金属车厢 (液泡、细胞壁、细胞质),播出detoxifi金属离子的酚类(monni等. 2002), 并积累和固定的金属屑片下方E葵(Uhlig等. 2001). <矮灌木,calluna柏、生长科幻踏在了西北120公里处的熔炉 证明是最耐铜(monni等. 2000年). 虽然种子萌发三柏、桦毛竹、 五、笃松sylvestris发现最污染土壤、 矮灌木树种苗木缺席接近冶炼厂(salemaauotila和2001年).