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With regards to moss, Pohlia nutans and Ceratodon purpureus were the only moss species surviving in small patches on the most contaminated site (Salemaa et al. 2001) (Table 3). Although the frequency of Pleurozium schereberi and Dicranum spp. began to increase at 8 km (Salemaa et al. 2001) the Cu concentration in their tissues were considerably higher than those in background areas (Helmisaari et al. 1995). The reindeer lichens (Cladina spp.) appeared to be more tolerant than forest mosses, they increased in frequency at 4 km (Salemaa et al. 2001). Epiphytic lichens were absent up to 2 km, on an area of 8.8 km^2, in 1970 (Laaksovirta and Silvola 1975) and up to 4 km in 1987 (Fritze et al. 1989).

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