几个哲学术语帮忙解释一下！！！最好英文的

pragmatism
A movement consisting of varying but associated theories, originally developed by Charles S. Peirce and William James and distinguished by the doctrine that the meaning of an idea or a proposition lies in its observable practical consequences.

empiricism
The theory that all concepts emanate from experience and that all statements claiming to express knowledge must be based on experience rather than on theory. Valid statements must be based on what can be proved to exist, not on what appears to exist. This is known as ontological privilege since ontology relates to the being or essence of things. Such statements must be able to be declared true or false without reference to theoretical statements. This is epistemological privilege since epistemology is the study of knowledge. Knowledge is held to be substantiated by justification derived from observed facts.

rationalism
Philosophical view that regards reason as the chief source and te