1850年左右的英式英语和现在的英式英语有何不同之处，差别大吗，差别在哪里？

This is a difficult topic and requires a lot of research or discussing with an expert.

I would advise finding some English texts from the 1850s and comparing them to modern texts.

You can use this Webster's 1828 dictionary

http://www.wealth4freedom.com/wns/Webster.htm

and compare with modern definitions at

http://www.websters.com

http://www.answers.com/topic/english-language

Here is some suggested reading:

See H. L. Mencken, The American Language (rev. 4th ed. 1963); G. W. Turner, The English Language in Australia and New Zealand (1966);M. Pei, The Story of the English Language (new ed. 1968); P. Roberts, Modern Gramma