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2.2.1. Parameter estimation method
When appropriate mathematical models of the process can be obtained, the parameter estimation method addresses process faults which are associated with changes in model parameters. The model parameters are generally not measured, but can be estimated using standard parameter estimation techniques (Beck and Arnold,1977). The parameter estimation method consists of five
basic steps (Chiang et al., 2001):

(1) Identify the process equations that relate the measur- able input variables u(t) and the physical model parameters pj to the output variables y(t). These equations can make use of conservation equations and phenomenological relationships such as phase equilibria, and fluid constitutive equations.
(2) Gather physical model parameter pj so that new parameters yj is observable and

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