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来源：百度知道 编辑：UC知道 时间：2024/05/26 05:41:11
6.The Court's third holding—the unpersuasive one—is about the type of criminal intent the government must prove. The Gypsum decision failed to require the government to prove that the defendants were aware that they were acting wrongfully or illegally, which seems a logical state of mind to require if a court seeks (as the Gypsum decision sought, see 438 U.S. at 442) to guarantee that defendants are morally culpable. A standard of this sort is what the government must prove, for instance, in drug and tax prosecutions. The typical Ninth Circuit jury instruction for drug cases (No. 9.13) requires the government to prove that defendants knew that they possessed "some kind of a prohibited drug," while in tax evasion prosecutions the government must prove defendants knew of the duty imposed by law and intentionally violated that duty (Cheek v. United States, 498 U.S. 192, 201 (1991)). At least one district court has imposed a standard of this kind in a criminal antitrust case
法院召开第三届-说服力一类是有关犯罪意图,政府必须证明. 石膏的决定,要求政府未能证明被告知道他们形迹错误 或非法 这似乎是一个逻辑状态,规定如果法院试图(正如决定寻求石膏、 看到美国在438442)保证被告在道义罪责. 这是什么样的标准,政府必须证明,比如药物和税务起诉. 第九巡回教学的典型毒品案件陪审员(9.13号)要求政府证明被告知道 他们拥有"某种违禁药物",而在政府必须证明逃税起诉被告知道 依法征税,故意违背职务(脸颊诉美国,498美国192,201(1991)). 至少有一个标准地方法院判处这类刑事反托拉斯案的规定 陪审团发现,无论是"被告明知参与阴谋,其目的是非法的,表示理解 非法目的"(美国诉布朗,936F.2d1042,1046N.3(第九循环. 1991)). 这种举证责任已经现成近卡特尔检控 如被告证明有罪的自觉性用详述隐蔽防范,假姓名、 标准工具和其他残疾人要隐藏. 如果检察官在特定案件很难证明被告违法或不当的认识 其行为性质、 这是一项难度很大理由报请检察官决定起诉的案件,作为刑事案件.