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The research issues in ECD&M include: integration of product and process design with material selection systems, development of models for assessing the integration of consumer demand and product use, disposal or recycling, improvement in methods, tools and procedures for evaluation of the risks associated with environmental hazards and the cost or benefit, substitution of materials with lower environmental impact in processing or in the final product, advancement in techniques for forecasting the effects of specific governmental regulations over the complete product lifecycle, new or improved manufacturing processes, and development of new bulk materials and coatings with increased life spans that can be manufactured with deceased environmental impact.
1. Energy Materials, and Resource Concern
Research concerning the development of methods and techniques in ECD&M has grown tremendously in the past decade. The National Center for Manufacturing Sciences created an ECM program

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