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Section 5.3.3 of B&V shows how to build a single logic circuit that can either add or subtract, depending on a single control input. Most computer processors extend this concept much further, with logic circuits that can perform many functions. More control inputs are needed to choose from among a greater number of functions; some circuits can perform 16 functions, in which case 4 control inputs are needed. Since these functions include both arithmetic operations and simple logic, these circuits are usually called Arithmetic Logic Units, or ALUs. The ALU inside a typical processor is really the heart of the computer, in terms of actual calculation; it performs almost all of the integer calculations in the processor, even though it takes up only a tiny fraction of the chip!
In this lab, you will build a less-ambitious (but still flexible) ALU. The ALU can add, subtract, test for 0, and test equality. These functions are selected with 2 control inputs S1 and S0. Inputs A and B

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