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Cunniff and Taylor (1987) compared novice programmers’ comprehension of programs written in the VPL First Programming Language (FPL) with those written in Pascal. FPL has a visual syntax that is a structured-flowchart layout of standard, third-generation, procedural programming language semantics. Cunniff and Taylor found that comprehension, as measured by response time in answering questions about eight pairs of program segments of about 20 lines each, was significantly better for FPL segments than for equivalent Pascal segments.
Pandey and Burnett (1993) compared a non-flowchart VPL, Forms/3, with two text-based languages, Pascal and a modified version of APL. Subjects learned key aspects of the languages necessary to understand vector/matrix manipulations and answered questions on two matrix problems. Forms/3 and APL outperformed Pascal on one problem, and Forms/3 and Pascal outperformed APL on the second problem.
In contrast to the st
2. Studies of VPLs
2．可视化编程语言（以下简称VPL）的研究
Cunniff and Taylor (1987) compared novice programmers’ comprehension of programs written in the VPL First Programming Language (FPL) with those written in Pascal. FPL has a visual syntax that is a structured-flowchart layout of standard, third-generation, procedural programming language semantics. Cunniff and Taylor found that comprehension, as measured by response time in answering questions about eight pairs of program segments of about 20 lines each, was significantly better for FPL segments than for equivalent Pascal segments.
Cunniff和Taylor在1987年比较了编程初学人员对分别用VPL的FPL语言和Pascal语言写出的程序的理解程度。FPL有一种可视化语法规则，这种规则是一种标准的、具有流程图结构的、基于过程的第三代编程语言语义学布局。他们发现，以对8对20行的代码段的问题的反应时间作为衡量标准，被测试者对由FPL写出的代码段的理解比对由对等的Pascal写出的代码段的理解要强很多。
Pandey and Burnett (1993) compared a non-flowchart VPL, Forms/3, with two text-based languages, Pascal and a modified version of APL. Subjects learned key aspects of the languages necessary to understand vec